1.
HOLLYWOOD is easy to hate, easy to sneer at, easy to
lampoon. Some of the best lampooning has been done by people who have
never been through a studio gate, some of the best sneering by
egocentric geniuses who departed huffily - not forgetting to collect
their last pay check – leaving behind them nothing but the exquisite
aroma of their personalities and a botched job for the tired hacks to
clean up.
Even as far away as New York, where Hollywood assumes all really
intelligent people live (since they obviously do not live in Hollywood),
the disease of exaggeration can be caught. The motion picture critic of
one of the less dazzled intellectual weeklies, commenting recently on a
certain screenplay, remarked that it showed "how dull a couple of
run-of-the-mill $3000-a-week writers can be."
I hope this critic will
not be startled to learn that 50 per cent of the screenwriters of
Hollywood made less than $10,000 last year, and that he could count on
his fingers the number that made a steady income anywhere near the
figure he so contemptuously mentioned. I don't know whether they could
be called run-of-the-mill writers or not. To me the phrase suggests
something a little easier to get hold of.
I hold no brief for Hollywood. I have worked there a little over
two years, which is far from enough to make me an authority, but more
than enough to make me feel pretty thoroughly bored. That should not be
so. An industry with such vast resources and such magic techniques
should not become dull so soon. An art which is capable of making all
but the very best plays look trivial and contrived, all but the very
best novels verbose and imitative, should not so quickly become
wearisome to those who attempt to practice it with something else in
mind than the cash drawer.
The making of a picture ought surely to be a
rather fascinating adventure. It is not; it is an endless contention of
tawdry egos, some of them powerful, almost all of them vociferous, and
almost none of them capable of anything much more creative than
credit-stealing and self-promotion.
Hollywood is a showman's paradise. But showmen make nothing; they
exploit what someone else has made.
The publisher and the play producer
are showmen too; but they exploit what is already made. The showmen of
Hollywood control the making – and thereby degrade it.
For the basic art
of motion pictures is the screenplay; it is fundamental, without it
there is nothing.
Everything derives from the screenplay, and most of
that which derives is an applied skill which, however adept, is
artistically not in the same class with the creation of a screenplay.
But in Hollywood the screenplay in written by a salaried writer under
the supervision of a producer - that is to say, by an employee without
power or decision over the uses of his own craft, without ownership of
it, and, however extravagantly paid, almost without honor for it.
I am aware that there are colorable economic reasons for the
Hollywood system of "getting out the script." But I am not much
interested in them.
Pictures cost a great deal of money—true. The studio
spends the money; all
the writer spends is his time (and incidentally
his life, his hopes, and all the varied experiences, most of them
painful, which finally made him into a writer) - this also is true. The
producer is charged with the salability and soundness of the project -
true. The director can survive few failures; the writer can stink for
ten years and still make his thousand a week - true also. But entirely
beside the point.
I am not interested in why the Hollywood system exists or persists,
nor in learning out of what bitter struggles for prestige it arose, nor
in how much money it succeeds in making out of bad pictures. I am
interested only in the fact that as a result of it there is no such
thing as an art of the screenplay [in 1945], and there never will be as long as
the system lasts, for it is the essence of this system that it seeks to
exploit a talent without permitting it the right to be a talent. It
cannot be done; you can only destroy the talent, which is exactly what
happens - when there is any to destroy.
Granted that there isn't much. Some chatty publisher (probably
Bennett Cerf) remarked once that there are writers in Hollywood making
two thousand dollars a week who haven't had an idea in ten years. He
exaggerated—backwards: there are writers in Hollywood making two
thousand a week who never had an idea in their lives, who have never
written a photographable scene, who could not make two cents a word in
the pulp market if their lives depended on it. Hollywood is full of such
writers, although there are few at such high salaries.
They are, to put
it bluntly, a pretty dreary lot of hacks, and most of them know it, and
they take their kicks and their salaries and try to be reasonably
grateful to an industry which permits them to live much more opulently
than they could live anywhere else.
And I have no doubt that most of them, also, would like to be much
better writers than they are, would like to have force and integrity and
imagination enough of these to earn a decent living at some art of
literature that has the dignity of a free profession.
It will not happen
to them, and there is not much reason why it should. If it ever could
have happened, it will not happen now.
For even the best of them (with a
few rare exceptions) devote their entire time to work which has no more
possibility of distinction than a Pekinese has of becoming a Great
Dane:
- to asinine musicals about technicolor legs and the yowling of
night-club singers;
- to "psychological" dramas with wooden plots, stock
characters, and that persistent note of fuzzy earnestness which suggests
the conversation of schoolgirls in puberty;
- to sprightly and
sophisticated comedies (we hope) in which the gags are as stale as the
attitudes, in which there is always a drink in every hand, a butler in
every doorway, and a telephone on the edge of every bathtub;
- to
historical epics in which the male actors look like female
impersonators, and the lovely feminine star looks just a little too
starry-eyed for a babe who has spent half her life swapping husbands;
- and last but not least, to those pictures of deep social import in which
everybody is thoughtful and grown-up and sincere and the more difficult
problems of life are wordily resolved into a unanimous vote of
confidence in the inviolability of the Constitution, the sanctity of the
home, and the paramount importance of the streamlined kitchen.
And these, dear readers, are the million-dollar babies—the cream of
the crop. Most of the boys and girls who write for the screen never get
anywhere near this far. They devote their sparkling lines and their
structural finesse to horse operas, cheap gun-in-the-kidney melodramas,
horror items about mad scientists and cliffhangers concerned with
screaming blondes and circular saws. The writers of this tripe are
licked before they start. Even in a purely technical sense their work is
doomed for lack of the time to do it properly.
The challenge of
screenwriting is to say much in little and then take half of that little
out and still preserve an effect of leisure and natural movement. Such a
technique requires experiment and elimination. The cheap pictures
simply cannot afford it.
2
LET me not imply that there are no writers of authentic
ability in Hollywood. There are not many, but there are not many
anywhere. The creative gift is a scarce commodity, and patience and
imitation have always done most of its work.
There is no reason to
expect from the anonymous toilers of the screen a quality which we are
very obviously not getting from the publicized litterateurs of the
best-seller list, from the compilers of fourth-rate historical novels
which sell half a million copies, from the Broadway candy butchers known
as playwrights, or from the sulky maestri of the little magazines.
To me the interesting point about Hollywood's writers of talent is
not how few or how many they are, but how little of worth their talent
is allowed to achieve.
Interesting - but hardly unexpected, once you
accept the premise that writers are employed to write screenplays on the
theory that, being writers, they have a particular gift and training
for the job, and are then prevented from doing it with any independence
or finality whatsoever, on the theory that,
being merely writers, they
know nothing about making pictures, and of course if they don't know how
to make pictures, they couldn't possibly know how to write them.
It
takes a producer to tell them that.
I do not wish to become unduly vitriolic on the subject of
producers. My own experience does not justify it, and after all,
producers too are slaves of the system. Also, the term "producer" is of
very vague definition.
Some producers are powerful in their own right,
and some are little more than legmen for the front office; some - few, I
trust - receive less money than some of the writers who work for them.
It is even said that in one large Hollywood studio there are producers
who are lower than writers; not merely in earning power, but in
prestige, importance, and aesthetic ability. It is, of course, a
very large studio where all sorts of unexplained things could happen and hardly be noticed.
For my thesis the personal qualities of a producer are rather
beside the point. Some are able and humane men and some are low-grade
individuals with the morals of a goat, the artistic integrity of a slot
machine, and the manners of a floorwalker with delusions of grandeur.
In
so far as the writing of the screenplay is concerned, however, the
producer is the boss; the writer either gets along with him and his
ideas (if he has any) or gets out.
This means both personal and artistic
subordination, and no writer of quality will long accept either without
surrendering that which made him a writer of quality, without dulling
the fine edge of his mind, without becoming little by little a conniver
rather than a creator, a supple and facile journeyman rather than a
craftsman of original thought.
It makes very little difference how a writer feels towards his
producer as a man; the fact that the producer can change and destroy and
disregard his work can only operate to diminish that work in its
conception and to make it mechanical and indifferent in execution.
The
impulse to perfection cannot exist where the definition of perfection is
the arbitrary decision of authority. That which is born in loneliness
and from the heart cannot be defended against the judgment of a
committee of sycophants. The volatile essences which make literature
cannot survive the clichés of a long series of story conferences.
There
is little magic of word or emotion or situation which can remain alive
after the incessant bone-scraping revisions imposed on the Hollywood
writer by the process of rule by decree. That these magics do somehow,
here and there, by another and even rarer magic, survive and reach the
screen more or less intact is the infrequent miracle which keeps
Hollywood's handful of fine writers from cutting their throats.
Hollywood has no right to expect such miracles, and it does not
deserve the men who bring them to pass. Its conception of what makes a
good picture is still as juvenile as
its treatment of writing talent is
insulting and degrading.
Its idea of "production value" is spending a
million dollars dressing up a story that any good writer would throw
away. Its vision of the rewarding movie is a vehicle for some glamorpuss
with two expressions and eighteen changes of costume, or for some male
idol of the muddled millions with a permanent hangover, six worn-out
acting tricks, the build of a lifeguard, and the mentality of a
chicken-strangler. Pictures for such purposes as these, Hollywood
lovingly and carefully makes. The good ones smack it in the rear when it
isn't looking.
3
For all this too there are colorable economic reasons. The
motion picture is a great industry as well as a defeated art. Its
technicians are now in their third generation, its investments are
world-wide, its demand for material is insatiable. Five hundred pictures
a year must be made or the theaters will be dark, countless people will
be thrown out of work, financial organizations will totter, and bankers
will start jumping out of their office windows again.
Hollywood does
not possess enough real talent to make one tenth of five hundred
pictures, even if it could find stories to base them on. But the rest
must be made somehow, and they are made—with great effort and bitter
struggle, with the hardening of many arteries and the graying of many
hairs, and with the slow deadening of such real ability as could have
been saved by happier tasks.
And the men who turn out this essentially dreary product are well
paid by the standards of other industries. This reward is not, of
course, due to any big-heartedness on the part of the financial big
shots who control the working capital. The men with the money and the
ultimate power can do anything they like with Hollywood - as long as
they don't mind losing their investment. They can destroy any studio
executive overnight, contract or no contract; any star, any producer,
any director—as an individual.
What they cannot destroy is the Hollywood
system.
It may be wasteful, absurd, even dishonest, but it is all there
is, and no cold-blooded board of directors can replace it. It has been
tried, but the showmen always win. They always win against mere money.
What in the long run - the very long run - they can never defeat is
talent, even writing talent.
It is, I am afraid, a
very long run indeed. There is no
present indication whatever that the Hollywood writer is on the point of
acquiring any real control over his work, any right to choose what that
work shall be (other than refusing jobs, which he can only do within
narrow limits), or even any right to decide how the values in the
producer-chosen work shall be brought out.
There is no present
guarantee that his best lines, best ideas, best scenes will not be
changed or omitted on the set by the director or dropped on the floor
during the later process of cutting - for the simple but essential
reason that the best things in any picture, artistically speaking, are
invariably the easiest to leave out, mechanically speaking.
There is no attempt in Hollywood to exploit the writer as an artist
of meaning to the picture-buying public; there is every attempt to keep
the public uninformed about his vital contribution to whatever art the
movie contains. On the billboards, in the newspaper advertisements, his
name will be smaller than that of the most insignificant bit-player who
achieves what is known as billing; it will be the first to disappear as
the size of the ad is out down toward the middle of the week; it will be
the last and least to be mentioned in any word-of-mouth or radio
promotion.
The first picture I worked on was nominated for an Academy award
(if that means anything), but I was not even invited to the press review
held right in the studio.
An extremely successful picture made by
another studio from a story I wrote used verbatim lines out of the story
in its promotional campaign, but my name was never mentioned once in
any radio, magazine, billboard, or newspaper advertising that I saw or
heard - and I saw and heard a great deal.
This neglect is of no
consequence to me personally; to any writer of books a Hollywood by-line
is trivial. To those whose whole work is in Hollywood it is not
trivial, because
it is part of a deliberate and successful plan to
reduce the professional screenwriter to the status of an assistant
picture-maker, superficially deferred to (while he is in the room),
essentially ignored, and even in his most brilliant achievements
carefully pushed out of the way of any possible accolade which might
otherwise fall to the star, the producer, the director. [leaving them without a public brand identification]
4
IF ALL this is true, why then should any writer of genuine
ability continue to work in Hollywood at all? The obvious reason is not
enough; few screenwriters possess homes in Bel-Air, illuminated swimming
pools, wives in full-length mink coats, three servants, and that air of
tired genius gone a little sour. Money buys pathetically little in
Hollywood beyond the pleasure of living in an unreal world, associating
with a narrow group of people who think, talk, and drink nothing but
pictures, most of them bad, and the doubtful pleasure of watching famous
actors and actresses guzzle in some of the rudest restaurants in the
world.
I do not mean that Hollywood society is any duller or more
dissipated than moneyed society anywhere: God knows it couldn't be. But
it is a pretty thin reward for a lifetime devoted to the essential craft
of what might be a great art.
I suppose the truth is that the veterans
of the Hollywood scene do not realize how little they are getting, how
many dull egotists they have to smile at, how many shoddy people they
have to treat as friends, how little real accomplishment is possible,
how much gaudy trash their life contains. The superficial friendliness
of Hollywood is pleasant - until you find out that nearly every sleeve
conceals a knife.
The companionship during working hours with men and
women who take the business of fiction seriously gives a pale heat to
the writer's lonely soul.
It is so easy to forget that there is a world
in which men buy their own groceries and, if they choose, think their
own thoughts. In Hollywood you don't even write your own checks - and
what you think is what you hope some producer or studio executive will
like.
Beyond this I suppose there is hope; there are several hopes.
The
cold dynasty will not last forever, the dictatorial producer is already a
little unsure, the top-heavy director has long since become a joke in
his own studio; after a while even technicolor will not save him. There
is hope that a decayed and makeshift system will pass, that somehow the
flatulent moguls will learn that only writers can write screenplays and
only proud and independent writers can write good screenplays, and that
present methods of dealing with such men are destructive of the very
force by which pictures must live.
And there is the intense and beautiful hope that the Hollywood
writers themselves - such of them as are capable of it - will recognize
that writing for the screen is no job for amateurs and half-writers
whose problems are always solved by somebody else.
It is the writers'
own weakness as craftsmen that permits the superior egos to bleed them
white of initiative, imagination, and integrity.
If even a quarter of
the
highly paid screenwriters in Hollywood could produce a
completely integrated and photographable screenplay under their own
power, with only the amount of interference and discussion necessary to
protect the studio's investment in actors and ensure a reasonable
freedom from libel and censorship troubles, then the producer would
assume his proper function of coordinating and conciliating the various
crafts which combine to make a picture; and the director - heaven help
his strutting soul -would be reduced to the ignominious task of making
pictures as they are conceived and written - and not as the director
would try to write them, if only he knew how to write.
Certainly there are producers and directors - although how
pitifully few - who are sincere enough to want such a change, and
talented enough to have no fear of its effect on their own position.
Yet
it is only a little over three years since the major (and only this
very year the minor) studios were forced, after prolonged and bitter
struggle, to agree to treat the writers according to some reasonable
standard of business ethics. In this struggle the writers were not
really fighting the motion picture industry at all; they were only
fighting certain powerful elements in it - employees like themselves -
who had hitherto glommed off all the glory and prestige and most of the
money, and could only continue to do so by selling themselves to the
world as the true makers of pictures.
This struggle is still going on; in a sense it will always go on, in a sense it always
should
go on. But so far the cards are stacked against the writer.
If there is
no
art of the screenplay [in 1945], the reason is at least partly that there
exists no available body of technical theory and practice by which it
can be learned. There is no available library of screenplay literature,
because the screenplays belong to the studios, and they will only show
them within their guarded walls.
There is no body of critical opinion,
because
there are [still] no critics of the screenplay; there are
only critics
of motion pictures as entertainment, and most of these critics know
nothing whatever of the means whereby the motion picture is created and
put on celluloid. There is no teaching, because there is no one to
teach. If you do not know how pictures are made, you cannot speak with
any authority on how they should be constructed; if you do, you are busy
enough trying to do it.
There is no correlation of crafts within the studio itself; the
average—and far better than average—screenwriter knows hardly anything
of the technical problems of the director, and nothing at all of the
superlative skill of the trained cutter.
[in 1945, that has changed now]
He spends his effort in writing
shots that cannot be made, or which if made would be thrown away; in
writing dialogue that cannot be spoken, sound effects that cannot be
heard, and nuances of mood and emotion which the camera cannot
reproduce. His idea of an effective scene is something that has to be
shot down a stairwell or out of a gopher hole; or a conversation so
static that the director, in order to impart a sense of motion to it, is
compelled to photograph it from nine different angles.
[Or
today writing a "perfect script" but still suffering the "vagaries of
making a picture" or the degradation of defacing "the writer is God" (Nicholas Kazan)
by those who feel the need to "redo it to fit the form," as if all
writers have no sense of the tech; even those who are second generation
Hollywood; such as Kazan or highly successful such as Simon Kinberg.
Do
you know who they are; are their IMDB and Wikipedia backgrounds ...
thin? Their public profile and marketing as filmmakers and generators
nil?]
In fact, no part of the vast body of technical knowledge which
Hollywood contains is systematically and as a matter of course made
available to the new writer in a studio. They tell him to look at
pictures – which is to learn architecture by staring at a house.
And
then they send him back to his rabbit hutch to write little scenes which
his producer, in between telephone calls to his blondes and his
booze-companions, will tell him ought to have been written quite
differently.
The producer is probably correct; the scene ought to have
been written differently. It ought to have been written right. But first
it had to be written. The producer didn't do that. He wouldn't know
how. Anyway he's too busy. And he's making too much money. And the
atmosphere of intellectual squalor in which the salaried writer operates
would offend his dignity.
I have kept the best hope of all for the last. In spite of all I have said, the writers of Hollywood
are
winning their battle for prestige. More and more of them are becoming
showmen in their own right, producers and directors of their own
screenplays. Let us be glad for their additional importance and power,
and not examine the artistic result too critically. The boys make good
(and some of them might even make good pictures).
Let us rejoice
together, for the tendency to become showmen is well in the acceptable
tradition of the literary art as practiced among the cameras.
For the very nicest thing Hollywood can possibly think of to say to a writer is that he is too good to be only a writer.